Let’s talk about something that affects us all – chemicals in our homes and buildings. Construction materials, furniture, flooring, wall finishes, even the air we breathe indoors often contain them. It’s a topic that can feel overwhelming, but knowledge is power. So let’s break it down together.
To begin with, it is important to remember that their concentrations and presence can vary between products and manufacturers. Additionally, chemical usage and labeling regulations differ between countries.
Understanding the chemicals present in our built environments is crucial for maintaining a healthy living space. Here’s a breakdown of common indoor chemicals, their sources, health issues, and the damage to the environment they cause.
Formaldehyde
what it is
Formaldehyde is a colorless gas with a strong smell, commonly produced through industrial chemical processes.
Where You’ll Find It
- Adhesives: Commonly used for bonding wood, fabric, and other materials, often containing formaldehyde.
- Plywood: Manufactured with formaldehyde-based adhesives.
- Particleboard: Bonded with formaldehyde-based resins.
- Carpets: May contain formaldehyde in adhesives or treatments.
- Curtains: Treated with formaldehyde finishes for wrinkle resistance or flame retardancy.
- Furniture: Especially in MDF and particleboard, which use formaldehyde resins.
- Flooring: Laminates and engineered wood often contain formaldehyde in adhesive layers.
Health issues
Short-Term Effects:
- Respiratory Irritation: Exposure can lead to coughing, wheezing, throat irritation, worsened asthma, and breathing difficulties.
- Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may experience skin rashes, itching, and hives, especially if they are sensitive to formaldehyde.
- Eye and Nose Irritation: It can cause redness, itching, and watering of the eyes, along with a runny or congested nose, sneezing, and nasal irritation.
- Headaches and Dizziness: Prolonged or high-level exposure is associated with headaches and dizziness.
- Nausea: Inhalation of formaldehyde vapors may lead to feelings of nausea.
Long-Term Effects:
- Weakened Respiratory Defenses: Long-term exposure can increase susceptibility to respiratory infections like colds and flu.
- Skin Sensitization: Repeated contact can lead to skin redness, itching, swelling, and sensitization, making the skin more reactive to formaldehyde and similar substances.
- Worsened Asthma Symptoms: Individuals with asthma may experience increased coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, with prolonged exposure potentially worsening the condition.
- Carcinogenicity: Formaldehyde is classified as a known human carcinogen, with long-term exposure increasing the risk of certain cancers, especially nasal and nasopharyngeal cancer, as well as leukemia.
- Chronic Respiratory Conditions: Extended exposure to formaldehyde has been linked to the development of chronic bronchitis and other long-term respiratory conditions.
Environmental Harm It Causes
- Indoor Air Quality: Formaldehyde off-gases from products and building materials, leading to indoor air pollution affecting air quality.
- Long-Term Persistence: Formaldehyde production harms the environment by releasing air pollutants and contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. As a pollutant, formaldehyde contributes to smog and lingers in the environment for extended periods, worsening air quality.
How to avoid or find safer Alternative:
- Choose low-formaldehyde products labeled “low formaldehyde” or “formaldehyde-free”.
- Choose Solid wood or metal furniture instead of particleboard or pressed wood.
- Choose carpets and curtains made of cotton, wool, or jute without stain-resistant finishes.
- Natural fibers: Choose curtain and drapes made from natural materials like cotton, linen, or hemp are generally free from formaldehyde. Look for curtains certified organic or made with natural dyes and finishes. Unprocessed curtains, without any additional treatments are often the safest option. Formaldehyde can be used as a finishing agent to reduce wrinkles and creases and are sometimes used to make curtains flame-resistant.
- Ventilate the space and allow for off-gassing: Open windows and use exhaust fans to reduce indoor formaldehyde levels. Let new furniture and building materials air out in a well-ventilated area or outside before moving them into your living space to minimize formaldehyde emissions.
- Use natural finishes: Use water-based paints, stains, and sealants with low or no VOC content.
- Conduct research: Check with manufacturers for formaldehyde content information and look for certifications like CARB Phase 2 compliance.
- Consider secondhand options: pre-owned items are less likely to emit formaldehyde.
Flame Retardants
What it is
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) are synthetic chemicals used as flame retardants in products like electronics and furniture. They are persistent in the environment, meaning they don’t break down easily, and can accumulate over time in both humans and animals. This buildup occurs through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact with dust or materials containing PBDEs. Over time, these chemicals can collect in fatty tissues, leading to potential health risks such as hormone disruption and developmental issues. Similarly, they accumulate in the environment, contaminating air, water, and soil, posing long-term ecological hazards.
Fire safety standards require flame retardants to be added on furniture, upholstery and building materials. This chemical addition possibly slow down the spread of fires, but they are not as effective as promised.
Research shows it delay fires only by a few seconds and makes it more harmful because the burning product gives off more toxic gases and smoke which is the leading cause of fire deaths.
Worse, they break down into toxic gases that continually migrate from products we use daily, dropping into dust, food, and water. This leaves us vulnerable to inhalation or direct contact with our skin.
Especially concerning for young children who frequently put their hands in their mouths have the highest exposure. Toddlers have 3-10 times more flame retardants then adults which affects their developing brains and reproductive organs also linked with lowered IQ and hyper activity. Cats have levels 10-100 times more.
In 2013, California’s Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117), prioritized fire safety without requiring the use of harmful flame retardants. This allows for better fire safety in furniture and children’s products without mandating flame retardant use.
Where You’ll Find It
- Furniture: Sofas, chairs, mattresses, pillows, and upholstery materials.
- Electronics: TVs, computers, laptops, smartphones, and other electronic devices.
- Children’s Products: Car seats, strollers, high chairs, and toys.
- Building Insulation: Materials used for thermal insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors.
- Carpets and Rugs: Flame retardants may be applied to carpet fibers or used in carpet padding.
- Curtains and Blinds: Flame retardant treatments are sometimes applied to window coverings.
- Automotive Interiors: Car seats, headrests, and other interior components.
- Mattress Pads and Bedding: Flame retardants may be used in mattress protectors and bedding materials.
- Foam Cushions: Foam used in various applications, such as seat cushions and padding.
- Building Materials: Certain construction materials, such as insulation foam boards and fire-resistant coatings.
How to avoid or find safer Alternative:
- Choose furniture and fabrics labeled “flame retardant-free” or “non-toxic“. Current safety standards allow for fire-safe products without harmful chemicals. Check labels for phrases like “contains flame retardants” and avoid items with strong chemical odors. Look for PBDE-free certifications to ensure safety.
- For furniture look for a “TB117-2013 label” stating item doesn’t have flame retardant.
- Look for plant-based fire retardants treatments usually referred to as intumescent coatings.
- Avoid traditional polyurethane foam-filled products cause these products are more likely to contain flame retardants unless specified.
- Allow off-gassing: If you buy new furniture or products that might contain flame retardants, let them air out in a well-ventilated area before bringing them into your home.
- Use a HEPA vacuum cleaner: Use a vacuum cleaner with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter to remove dust and particles that may contain flame retardant chemicals from your living spaces.
Even though PBDEs are banned in the US, manufacturers in countries like China and India still use them in products like strollers. Unfortunately, there’s not enough regulation on imported items, making it hard for parents to know if their child’s gear contains these harmful chemicals. Some manufacturers themselves may not even be sure because different batches can vary.
Right now, there’s no simple way to tell if something has PBDEs without lab testing. If you’re worried about a stroller or other baby items, you can reach out to the manufacturer and ask for an MSDS to see if they’ve tested for PBDEs. Manufacturers should take responsibility for making safe products and ensuring the safety of imported materials.
Although some types like PentaBDE and OctaBDE have been phased out, DecaBDE is still used in things like television casings, even though it is human carcinogen.
- Researchers have developed a non-toxic and effective flame retardant called EDA-DOPO. It is currently undergoing certification and flame tests before it can be available worldwide.
- Oligomeric phosphonate polyol has been identified as a safer alternative to a toxic flame retardant called pentaBDE.
- Scientists at The University of Texas at Austin have created a new flame retardant from a natural compound found in marine mussels. This non-toxic synthetic coating called polydopamine can replace harmful additives used in foam products.
- Plant-based fire retardants are gaining popularity as well. They use natural ingredients like tea leaves and buckwheat to resist fires. These plant-based alternatives are less toxic to humans and the environment because they are made from natural oils, waxes, and resins. They are also effective at extinguishing fires and cost-effective.
- To identify a plant-based fire retardant, look for ingredients such as starch, gypsum, talc, vermiculite, or boric acid on the product label. These are often used in intumescent coatings that form a protective layer during fires. Many plant-based fire retardants are labeled as non-toxic or low VOC.
The use of flame retardants is a complex issue that involves many stakeholders, including manufacturers, regulators, and consumers. Fire retardants are produced by a variety of companies, both large and small. Some of the biggest and most well-known companies that produce fire retardants include Dow Chemical, BASF, and Clariant.
These companies are large and powerful, with significant resources and capabilities. Manufacturers may continue to use flame retardants because they are required by regulations. Regulators may be hesitant to ban flame retardants without first identifying safer alternatives. And consumers are for the most part unaware of the potential risks associated with flame retardants or they may prioritize fire safety over potential health risks.
PFOA & PFAS
what it is
These are different from flame retardants which delay the ignition of fire. They’re synthetic chemicals that are known for being super resistant to things like water, oil, heat, and chemicals. It’s what is put on products and fabric to make them heat, grease, and water resistant.
Two common ones you might have heard of are perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). These, along with some other chemicals, are part of a bigger group called per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).
Exposure to PFOA and PFOS can occur through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food and water, inhalation of contaminated air and dust, and dermal contact with consumer products.
These compounds are pretty stubborn and don’t break down easily. Tragically, these nasty chemicals are being released into the air, dumped into the environment, and are polluting our bodies. What’s worse is that they stick around for a long long period of time. They’re building up in our soil and water because they can sneakily spread from where they’re released and contaminate distant areas, even ones that weren’t directly affected.
Where You’ll Find It
- Non-stick Cookware: Often used in the production of non-stick cookware, such as pans and pots coated with Teflon. These compounds can leach into the food when heated at high temperatures.
- Take-out Containers: Some take-out containers, (e.g. food packaging, such as paper and card packaging coated for grease resistance, fast-food wrappers, microwave popcorn bags, pet food bags).
- Draperies: Used in the production of certain draperies and curtains to make them stain-resistant.
- Carpets: Those treated to be stain-resistant or water-repellent. These compounds release into the air, and over time, accumulate in dust or are ingested through direct contact.
- Furniture Items: Furniture items, particularly those treated with stain-resistant or water-repellent coatings. Sofas, chairs, and other upholstered furniture.
- Water Resistant Clothing & Materials: Some clothing items, particularly those marketed as water-resistant or stain-resistant. This is often the case with outdoor gear, such as jackets or pants designed for outdoor activities.
- Personal Care Products: While not as common, perfluorinated compounds can also be found in certain personal care products, such as cosmetics and skincare items.
- Firefighting Foam: Firefighting foam to extinguish petroleum-based fires. However, these compounds contaminate the environment, including water sources.
Health Issues
- Increased cholesterol levels: Associated with elevated cholesterol levels in exposed individuals.
- Thyroid hormone disruption: These compounds can interfere with your thyroid hormones, potentially leading to mood swings or energy issues.
- Immune system effects: Associated with immune system dysregulation, including reduced antibody responses and impaired immune cell function.They weaken your immune system, making it harder for your body to fight off illnesses.
- Birth & Developmental effects: Long-term exposure can have adverse effects on fetal development, including low birth weight, birth defects, developmental delays, and altered immune responses in children.
- Cancer: PFOA has been classified as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Evidence suggests a potential link between PFOA and certain types of cancer, including kidney and testicular cancer.
- Impaired liver and kidney function: Interfere with the proper functioning of the liver and kidneys. This can reduce their ability to remove harmful substances from our bodies. Exposure to PFCs has also been linked to liver disease. These compounds can cause liver damage, inflammation, and even contribute to the development of certain types of tumors.
- Oxidative stress and inflammation: PFCs have the potential to induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular damage in the liver. This can further contribute to the development of liver diseases and other related health issues.
- Endocrine disruption: PFCs can disrupt the endocrine system, which regulates hormones in our body. This disruption can lead to hormonal imbalances and negative effects on various bodily functions.
How to avoid or find safer Alternative:
- Check labels: When purchasing furniture and home products look for products that explicitly state they are PFC-free or do not contain PFOA or PFAS. Look for labels or certifications that indicate the absence of PFAS. Choose non-stick cookware, carpets, and other items that are PFAS-free.
- Choose natural and organic materials: Opt for furniture and home products made from natural and organic materials, such as wood, cotton, wool, and bamboo, as these are less likely to contain PFCs.
- Avoid non-stick cookware: Replace non-stick cookware with alternatives like stainless steel, cast iron, or ceramic cookware, as non-stick coatings often contain PFCs.
- Be cautious with stain and water repellent treatments: Avoid using products that claim to provide stain or water repellency, as these treatments may contain PFCs. Instead, choose untreated or naturally resistant materials.
- Ventilate indoor spaces: Properly ventilate your home to reduce exposure to airborne PFCs. Open windows, use exhaust fans, or consider installing an air purifier with a HEPA filter.
- Avoid products with waterproof or stain-resistant finishes: Be wary of products, such as carpets, upholstery, and clothing, that have waterproof or stain-resistant finishes, as these are likely treated with PFC-containing chemicals.
- Choose PFC-free cleaning products: Look for cleaning products that do not contain PFCs or any ingredients that end in “-fluoro” or “-perfluoro.”
- Test your drinking water: If you are concerned about PFC contamination in your drinking water, consider having it tested. If elevated levels are found, use water filters certified to remove PFCs.
- Dispose of old products responsibly: When getting rid of old furniture, carpets, or other home products, dispose of them responsibly to prevent PFCs from leaching into the environment. This is a must!
- Advocate for safer alternatives: Support and encourage the use of safer, PFC-free alternatives in the manufacturing industry and advocate for stricter regulations and labeling requirements for PFC-containing products.
Environmental Impact:
- Persistence: PFAS and PFOS are incredibly persistent in the environment. They don’t break down easily, which means they can stay in soil and water for a long time, leading to widespread pollution.
- Bioaccumulation: These chemicals can build up in the food chain. This accumulation affects wildlife and can eventually enter our food and water supply, impacting both ecosystems and human health.
- Resource and Energy Use: Manufacturing PFAS involves significant energy and resource consumption, contributing to environmental pollution. The production process also releases harmful byproducts, which can negatively affect ecosystems and contribute to broader environmental issues.
Antimicrobial Treatments
what it is
Antimicrobial treatments are commonly applied to upholstered furniture and various household products to prevent bacteria and mold growth. Over time, these treatments can lead to the development of drug-resistant bacteria, making infections more difficult to treat.
Health Issues
- Skin Irritation and Allergies: Some people might develop skin rashes or allergic reactions due to contact with antimicrobial chemicals.
- Disruption of Human Microbiome: These chemicals can disturb the balance of beneficial microbes in our bodies, potentially affecting overall health and immune function.
- Environmental and Occupational Exposure: Workers handling these treatments may face health risks, and the chemicals can contribute to environmental pollution.
Environmental Impact:
- Persistence in the Environment: Antimicrobial treatments don’t break down easily. They can linger in soil and water for a long time, leading to persistent pollution.
- Water and Ecosystem Pollution: These chemicals can seep into water supplies, causing contamination that harms aquatic life and disrupts natural ecosystems. They can affect wildlife, disrupt food chains, and alter the natural balance of these environments.
How to avoid or find safer Alternative:
Synthetic Dyes
What it is
Synthetic dyes are commonly used to add color to upholstery fabrics and various textiles.
Health Issues
- Contact with synthetic dyes can lead to skin irritation, allergies, and rashes. There’s also a potential increased risk of cancer, respiratory problems, and endocrine disruption, which can affect hormonal balance and reproductive health.
Environmental Impact:
- Water Pollution: The process of dyeing fabrics can release harmful chemicals into waterways. These pollutants can significantly harm aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and potentially contaminating drinking water sources.
- Soil Contamination: Residual dyes can seep into the soil, where they can affect plant growth and potentially enter the food chain. This can lead to soil degradation and impact the health of crops and other vegetation.
- Non-Biodegradability: Synthetic dyes are not easily broken down by natural processes. They can persist in the environment for a long time, leading to lasting pollution and accumulation in ecosystems.
- Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Producing synthetic dyes requires energy-intensive processes that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. This exacerbates climate change by adding to the overall carbon footprint of textile manufacturing.
How to avoid or find safer Alternative:
- Choose textiles and materials labeled with OEKO-TEX or GOTS certifications to ensure low-impact dyes.
- Avoid synthetic dyes that contain harmful chemicals (e.g., azo dyes, formaldehyde).
- Opt for products labeled as “low-VOC” or “non-toxic” for safer alternatives.
- Look for naturally dyed fabrics, using plant-based or mineral dyes. To identify naturally dyed fabrics, look for the following:
- Labeling: Check for terms like “plant-dyed,” “natural dyes,” or “botanical dyes” on the product tag or description.
- Certifications: Look for certifications like GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard), which often indicates the use of natural dyes.
- Color variations: Naturally dyed fabrics often have subtle, uneven color variations, rather than the uniform look of synthetic dyes.
- Brands: Research and support brands known for using natural dyes or sustainable practices.
- Smell: Naturally dyed fabrics usually lack the chemical smell often associated with synthetic dyes.
- Price: Natural dye processes are more labor-intensive, so expect the fabric to be slightly more expensive than synthetically dyed products.
- Eco-friendly messaging: Companies using natural dyes often highlight their sustainable, non-toxic practices prominently in their marketing.
- Labeling: Check for terms like “plant-dyed,” “natural dyes,” or “botanical dyes” on the product tag or description.
Phthalates
what it is
There are 7 different types of plastics, and one of them is called Polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It comes in two forms, hard and flexible. Phthalates, are a group of chemicals often used to make plastics like PVC more flexible, bendable, and soft.
where you'll find it
It is a common plastic often used in furniture, flooring, other household items, wall coverings, and building materials like pipes. It can also be present in some wood finishes and adhesives.
You can be exposed to phthalates in a few other ways:
- Breathing: Phthalates can be found in solvents that release fumes into the air.
- Eating: Phthalates can leach into food from plastic packaging or storage containers, even more when hot food is placed in them.
- Chewing: Some plastic toys for children may have phthalates. If a baby chews on these toys, they can be exposed to the chemicals inside the plastic.
- Touching: Lotions or perfumes stored in plastic bottles can contain phthalates that can be absorbed into your skin.
health issues
- Reproductive Harm: Phthalates interfere with hormone function, potentially impacting fertility and causing complications during pregnancy.
- Developmental Issues: Exposure to phthalates can affect the developing reproductive systems of fetuses and young children, leading to developmental concerns.
- Reproductive Issues: Linked to infertility, reduced sperm quality, and menstrual irregularities.
- Respiratory Problems: These chemicals can irritate the lungs and airways, causing discomfort and respiratory issues.
- Liver & Kidney Damage: Long-term exposure to high levels of phthalates may cause liver and kidney damage.
- Endocrine Disruption: Phthalates disrupt the body’s hormonal balance, which can lead to various health problems.
- Cancer: Evidence suggests that phthalates may increase the risk of certain cancers.
Environmental Impact of PVC and Added Phthalates:Persistence: PVC isn’t biodegradable and can remain in the environment for hundreds of years. While it can be recycled, the process is difficult, less common than for other plastics, and can release harmful chemicals. Recycled PVC often ends up as lower-quality products. Its production, use, and disposal release toxic substances that harm the air, water, soil, ecosystems, and human health.
Pollution: Phthalates leach into the environment from discarded plastics and other products, contributing to soil and water pollution. This contamination affects wildlife and ecosystems. Their persistence can lead to long-term ecological impacts, disrupting plant and animal life, and entering the food chain.
How to avoid or find safer Alternative:
- Select PVC-Free Products: Choose items that aren’t labeled “#3” or “PVC.”
- Check for Greenguard Certification: Opt for furniture and building materials with Greenguard certification, which ensures low chemical emissions, including phthalates.
- Avoid Vinyl Flooring: Consider alternatives like hardwood, bamboo, cork, linoleum, or ceramic tile, which are free from PVC.
- Ask About Phthalate-Free Materials: When selecting pipes, insulation, or wallpaper, inquire about phthalate-free alternatives.
- Pick Non-Vinyl Shower Curtains: Use polyester, nylon, or fabric shower curtains instead of those made from PVC.
- Choose Safer Food Containers: Replace PVC-based containers with glass or stainless steel for storing food and drinks.
- Explore Eco-Friendly Alternatives: Opt for ceramic tile or cork flooring, copper or cast iron pipes, natural fiber wallpaper, and hardwood window shutters.
This is a great source that shows a product’s or material’s hazardous content, covering areas like flooring, paint, cabinetry, insulation, and more.
Polyutherane Foam:
what it is
Polyurethane foam, commonly used in furniture, mattresses, insulation, and carpets, can contain harmful chemicals that affect indoor air quality and health. Its composition varies depending on the production process.
During manufacturing, chemicals like isocyanates, polyols, and catalysts are combined to form the foam, with these reactions posing risks to both the environment and human health through inhalation and skin contact. Additionally, finished products can release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), impacting indoor air quality in homes and other built environments.
health issues
Short-Term Health Effects:
- Respiratory Irritation: Exposure to polyurethane foam can lead to immediate breathing difficulties and discomfort, particularly for people with asthma or other respiratory sensitivities.
- Allergies, allergic reactions and Sensitivities: You might experience skin irritation, itching, or respiratory reactions shortly after coming into contact with polyurethane foam. Some individuals develop allergic reactions to the chemicals present in polyurethane coatings. This can manifest as skin rashes, itching, or allergic dermatitis upon contact with coated surfaces.
- Eye and mucous membrane irritation: Direct contact or exposure to polyurethane coating fumes can cause irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and other mucous membranes. This may result in redness, watering of the eyes, sore throat, or nasal congestion.
- Off-Gassing: This foam releases toxic chemicals into the air, especially in areas with poor ventilation. This off-gassing can cause immediate discomfort and health issues. Inhaling high concentrations of VOCs released by polyurethane coatings can lead to symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, lightheadedness, or nausea.
Long-Term Health Effects:
- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Even after manufacturing, polyurethane foam continues to release VOCs, contributing to persistent indoor air pollution. Over time, this can lead to chronic respiratory issues.
- Prolonged or repeated exposure may have even more serious health implications, including potential damage to the central nervous system, liver, or kidneys. Some VOCs, such as formaldehyde, have been classified as potential carcinogens.
- Flame Retardants: Often added to polyurethane foam, these can increase the foam’s toxicity. Long-term exposure to flame retardants is linked to hormonal disruptions
and cognitive effects.
Environmental Impact:
- Production: Making polyurethane foam involves heavy use of petrochemicals, which are derived from non-renewable resources. This production process is energy-intensive and contributes to carbon emissions and resource depletion.
- Disposal: When polyurethane foam is discarded, it can contribute to environmental pollution. It doesn’t break down easily, leading to long-term accumulation in landfills. As it decomposes, it can release harmful substances into the soil and groundwater.
- Resource Depletion: The production process uses significant resources and energy, leading to the depletion of fossil fuels and other natural resources. Additionally, the foam’s non-biodegradable nature means it remains in the environment for a long time, putting further strain on ecological systems.
How to avoid or find safer Alternative:
Some manufacturers offer eco-friendly versions of polyurethane foam, made with sustainable, less chemically-intensive processes. Here are a few alternatives:
Water-Based Polyurethane Foam – Made with water, commonly used in mattresses and pillows. Retailers like Sleep Innovations, DreamCloud, Nectar, Amerisleep, and Sealed Air offer this option.
Bio-Based Polyurethane Foam – Derived from renewable resources such as cornstarch or soybeans, often found in furniture and automotive applications. Brands like Naturepedic, Sleepy’s, Tuft & Needle, Amerisleep, and Sealed Air offer this alternative.
Closed-Cell Polyurethane Foam – With a closed-cell structure, this foam reduces off-gassing of harmful chemicals. Retailers like Tuft & Needle, Casper, Purple, Simmons, and Tempur-Pedic carry this option.
Natural Rubber Latex or Memory Foam – These alternatives are free from harmful chemicals and have a lower risk of off-gassing. Examples include Sleep Number, Tempur-Pedic, Serta, Sealy, and Therapedic.
Note: Even natural or non-toxic foams may still off-gas chemicals when new, but at lower levels compared to traditional polyurethane foam.
Tips for Choosing Safer Polyurethane Foam:
- Look for products certified by reputable organizations, such as Greenguard.
- Opt for water-based, bio-based, or closed-cell foam options.
- Ensure good ventilation in areas where the foam is used, especially when the product is new.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
what it is
VOCs are harmful chemicals commonly found in many building materials. There are over 10,000 compounds that can be classified as VOCs, depending on the definition. These chemicals are released into the air when materials are exposed to heat, moisture, or sunlight, with the highest emissions occurring when the materials are new or freshly applied. It typically takes two to eight weeks for VOC levels to return to normal after renovations or new construction.
The time it takes for VOCs to cause health issues varies, depending on factors like the type and amount of VOCs, the individual’s age and health, and the duration and frequency of exposure. Even low levels of exposure can have harmful effects over time, as the impact of VOCs accumulates.
Despite the known risks, VOC-containing materials are still widely used. To check your home, office, or school for VOCs, you can consult professionals listed on the IAQ website.
To reduce the risks, many countries have established limits on VOC levels in various products, and there’s a growing push to use low-VOC or no-VOC products to minimize exposure to these harmful chemicals.
where you'll find it
Products and materials that release VOC’s
- Insulation materials
- Paint and paint supplies like thinners, varnishes, primers, lacquer.
- chemical based cleaning products like bleach, detergents, and polishes
- Aerosol products such as hairspray, deodorant, and perfume
- Furniture, wall coverings and upholstery
- Hobby supplies like glues, adhesives, markers and solvents
- Automobiles and fuels
- Air fresheners, synthetic candles, and incense
- Dry cleaning fluids
- Wood burning stoves and fireplaces
- Fumes from smoking cigarettes, cigars, and pipes.
- mattresses
- Office equipment like printers and copiers
- Building materials such as plywood, particle board, adhesives.
health issues
Short-Term Health Effects:
- Eye, Nose, and Throat Irritation: You might feel irritation or discomfort in these areas, including redness and itching.
- Respiratory Issues: Coughing, wheezing, and breathing difficulties can arise, especially if you have asthma.
- Headaches and Dizziness: Exposure to VOCs can lead to headaches, dizziness, and a feeling of lightheadedness.
- Nausea: Some people may experience stomach upset or nausea.
- Skin Irritation: Contact with VOCs can cause skin rashes or itching for some individuals.
Long-Term Health Effects:
- Chronic Respiratory Problems: Ongoing exposure can lead to more serious respiratory issues like chronic bronchitis or asthma.
- Neurological Effects: Prolonged exposure might impact your memory, cognitive function, and mood.
- Cancer Risk: Certain VOCs are linked to a higher risk of cancers, including lung and bladder cancer.
- Liver and Kidney Damage: Long-term exposure can affect liver and kidney health, possibly leading to disease.
- Endocrine Disruption: Some VOCs can mess with your hormones, potentially leading to various endocrine issues.
- Immune System Suppression: Persistent exposure might weaken your immune system, making you more prone to infections.
How to avoid or find safer Alternative:
- Purchase paints and related materials labeled as no or low VOC.
- Use Formaldehyde-free insulation materials (for walls) and wood products.
- Use Natural sealers.
- Choose non-toxic materials, such as natural fibers for upholstery and flooring.
- Use ceramic tiles, bamboo flooring, cork wall coverings, wool rugs, solid wood, and stone these usually have low VOC’s
- Increase the ventilation in your home by opening your windows
- Invest in a good ventilation system that not only circulates air but also filters out pollutants.
- While occupying the space, minimize the use of synthetic fragrances and products that contain harmful chemicals. For example, avoid aerosol sprays, including antiperspirants, often contain toxic chemicals like aluminum, parabens, and phthalates, which can be linked to health issues such as breast cancer and reproductive problems.
- Choose low VOC products verified by Greenguard or Green Seal.
- Carpets or other products treated with antimicrobial chemicals may be labeled with terms like “antimicrobial,” “antibacterial,” “mold-resistant,” or “treated with Microban®” to indicate protection against microbes.
Lead
what it is
Lead is a naturally occurring metal and is found in rocks, soil, and even small amounts in the air and water. However, most of the lead exposure that affects people comes from human activities.
where you'll find it
In the past, lead was commonly used in things like paint, gasoline, and plumbing pipes and in older furniture that was painted with lead-based paint. While it’s less common in newer items, it can still be a concern in vintage or antique pieces. Even though leaded gasoline is no longer used in many countries, the lead that was released in the past can still be present in the environment.
Found in:
- Lead-based paints in older buildings, especially those built before 1978
- Lead pipes and plumbing fixtures
- Imported goods such as toys, jewelry, and cosmetics
health issues
Builders and construction companies, as well as toy manufacturers, use lead to help paint stick to surfaces. It was banned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1978 after studies showed it was poisonous and absorbable into the blood, where it crosses the blood-brain barrier and accumulates in bones and soft tissues. Building renovations or chipping, peeling, or cracking can disturb lead paint, releasing it into the air. Sometimes, lead can even be present in drinking water if it passes through older plumbing systems or pipes with lead solder.
Short-Term Health Effects:
- Acute Poisoning: Exposure to lead can cause immediate symptoms like stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and loss of appetite.
- Neurological Symptoms: Short-term contact may lead to headaches, irritability, and feelings of tiredness.
- Muscle and Joint Pain: You might experience aches and discomfort in muscles and joints shortly after exposure.
- Anemia: Lead can reduce your red blood cell count, resulting in weakness and tiredness.
- Acute Poisoning: Exposure to lead can cause immediate symptoms like stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and loss of appetite.
Long-Term Health Effects:
- Developmental Delays: Lead is particularly harmful to children, potentially slowing down cognitive and physical development.
- Learning Disabilities: Long-term exposure can impact attention, memory, and academic performance.
- Behavioral Issues: Increased risk of problems like aggression and hyperactivity is associated with chronic lead exposure.
- Neurological Damage: Prolonged exposure can lead to significant brain damage, affecting IQ and overall brain function.
- Kidney Damage: Chronic exposure may result in kidney dysfunction and disease.
- Reproductive Problems: Lead exposure can impact fertility and cause complications during pregnancy.
- Cardiovascular Issues: Long-term exposure is linked to a higher risk of high blood pressure and heart disease.
- Increased Risk of Chronic Diseases: Chronic exposure to lead is associated with a higher risk of various health issues, including some cancers.
- Developmental Delays: Lead is particularly harmful to children, potentially slowing down cognitive and physical development.
Environmental Impact:
- Soil and Water Contamination: Lead from old paint can leach into soil and water, causing long-lasting contamination that affects plant and animal life.
- Dust and Soil Resuspension: Lead dust from deteriorating paint can become airborne and settle in soil, leading to ongoing exposure risks in homes and communities.
- Waste and Disposal Issues: Disposal of lead-containing items, like old furniture, can pose environmental challenges. Lead is hazardous and requires special handling to prevent environmental contamination.
- Soil and Water Contamination: Lead from old paint can leach into soil and water, causing long-lasting contamination that affects plant and animal life.
Being aware of lead’s impact can help you take steps to protect your health and the environment, especially when dealing with older or antique furniture.
How to avoid or find safer Alternative:
It is essential to have a professional conduct a lead assessment on your house if it was built before the 1980’s in the U.S. Only in 1978 was such hazardous paint banned in America! Hence, if your house was built before this period, it’s likely to have peeling or chipping lead paint – a serious health risk.
Mercury
what it is
Mercury is an element that can be found in small amounts within the soil and mature waters and is generally not harmful. It can also naturally be found in Earth’s core and is often released by volcanoes, hot springs, and other geological activities.
Sadly, the amount of mercury in our atmosphere has significantly increased due to human-driven combustion from vehicles running on diesel fuel as well as coal-fired power plants and wastewater treatment facilities. When this airborne mercury falls back down to land it then accumulates into bodies of water like lakes or rivers.
After bacteria turn mercury into methyl-mercury, the toxic mixture enters the food chain after small fish consume contaminated bacteria and algae, which then get eaten by bigger fish and birds, until finally humans get exposed to this deadly poison. It’s methyl-mercury that’s dangerous and highly toxic.
where you'll find it
- Thermometers and Thermostats
- Fluorescent, compact fluorescent (CFL), black lights, ultraviolet bulbs, neon bulbs and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps. Mercury containing bulbs display a “Contains Mercury” or “Hg” label with a circle.
- Blood pressure gauges, barometers, and manometers.
- Mercury-contaminated fish and thermostats
- Used in switches, and certain batteries.
health issues
Methyl-mercury damages organs like the brain, kidneys and lungs. Symptoms include tremors, insomnia, memory loss, neuromuscular effects, headaches and cognitive and motor dysfunction. More on that here:
How to avoid or find safer Alternative:
To avoid mercury in household furniture, materials, and home products:
- Use LED or CFL bulbs instead of fluorescent ones, as they don’t contain mercury.
- Check labels and avoid products with mercury switches, like old thermometers or certain electronics.
- Choose mercury-free batteries or rechargeable ones.
- When buying furniture, carpets, or building materials, make sure they are mercury-free.
- Properly dispose of items with mercury, such as old thermometers or fluorescent bulbs, following local guidelines.
- Call the National Response Center (NRC) if you spill more than two tablespoons of mercury.
- Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to clean up a spill less than that.
It’s crucial that people know about the consequences of recklessly discarding mercury-containing items. When we throw away mercury products or wash them down the drain, we add to mercury pollution because it hurts our environment, which then hurts us.
People must check for any traces of mercury in products before discarding them. Each year, broken fluorescent lamps, broken thermostats, dental amalgams, and thermometers add thousands and thousands of pounds of mercury into our soil, water, and air.
There’s something deeply troubling about mercury-containing products that are made but their producers don’t take responsibility for proper disposal. It is incredibly irresponsible of them simply suggesting users about what should be done.
- Disposing such items should be made as convenient as dropping off mail at UPS for example.
- It should be mandated that households and commercial places dispose it properly because not everyone will follow the protocol if they don’t know how serious it is.
- Pick up days for disposed mercury products should also be set up nation-wide just as garbage collection.
For now, this is how to dispose of mercury-containing items
- EPA and health departments or your local waste management agency can guide you for how to dispose of them.
- Find locations on earth911.com
- Many electronics stores and other retailers that offer free take-back programs for mercury-containing items (for example Best Buy, Target, Staples, Office Depot, Walmart, Kmart and Home Depot,etc.)
Few options on Where to Buy:
- Duracell: Duracell offers a range of mercury-free batteries in various sizes, including hearing aid batteries.
- Energizer: Energizer provides mercury-free batteries and rechargeable options for different devices, including hearing aids.
- Rayovac: Rayovac offers mercury-free hearing aid batteries and rechargeable options as well.
- Amazon: Amazon has a wide selection of mercury-free batteries and rechargeable batteries from various brands.
- BatteryJunction: BatteryJunction is an online retailer that offers mercury-free batteries and rechargeable options for different applications.
- Best Buy: Best Buy carries mercury-free batteries and rechargeable batteries from different brands.
- Walmart: Walmart sells mercury-free batteries and rechargeable batteries from various brands, including their own Great Value brand.
- Duracell: Duracell offers a range of mercury-free batteries in various sizes, including hearing aid batteries.
