Choosing Low- Or Non -Toxic Paints and Wall-coverings for a Healthier Interiors

Table of Contents

Amara Naqvi



Creating stylish, inviting, and functional spaces shouldn’t come at the expense of our health or the environment. In selecting paints and wall coverings, it’s essential to choose materials that are low in toxins or chemical free. Choosing wisely not only improves the integrity of our interiors, but creates a healthier living environment for us and future generations.

Types of Wall-Coverings on the Market

The following three types cover a broad spectrum of styles, budgets, and practical needs, making them the most frequently used wall coverings in homes and commercial spaces.

1. Wallpaper

    • Vinyl: Durable and moisture-resistant, ideal for kitchens and bathrooms.
    • Textured: Adds depth and dimension with various patterns and materials.
    • Non-Woven: Tear-resistant and easy to install or remove.
    • Grasscloth: Made from natural grasses for a unique, textured look.
    • Flocked: Features raised, velvet-like patterns for a luxurious feel.
    • Metallic: Adds shine and a modern touch with reflective finishes.

2. Fabric Wall Coverings

    • Linen: Durable with a natural, textured appearance.
    • Silk: Elegant with a soft sheen, suitable for formal spaces.
    • Cotton: Soft, breathable, often used in fabric panels.

3. Natural Wall Coverings

    • Bamboo: Sustainable and eco-friendly with a natural aesthetic.
    • Cork: Hypoallergenic, antimicrobial, and provides sound insulation.
    • Wood Veneer: Thin wood layers for warmth and a natural feel.
    • Hemp: Strong, moisture-resistant, and eco-friendly.
    • Sisal & Jute: Textured plant fibers, good for soundproofing.
    • Mica: Stone flakes that add shimmer and elegance.

4. Paintable Wall Coverings

    • Anaglypta: Raised patterns, customizable with paint.
    • Lincrusta: Embossed, paintable, often used in traditional interiors.

5. Murals and Decals

    • Murals: Large-scale images covering entire walls.
    • Wall Decals: Removable stickers for easy decoration.

6. Faux Finishes

    • Faux Wood: Imitates wood for a warm, rustic look.
    • Faux Stone: Mimics stone for a natural, rugged feel.

7. Acoustic Wall Coverings

      • Acoustic Panels: Reduces noise and improves sound quality, often fabric-covered.

How Can Wall Coverings Be Harmful To Your Health?

Toxic wall coverings are wallpapers or wall coverings that contain harmful chemicals such as lead, formaldehyde, cadmium, and certain flame retardants.

These substances release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air, which are fumes that can irritate your eyes, skin, and lungs. Exposure to VOCs can contribute to respiratory problems and pose long-term health risks.

Because of this, it’s important to choose safer, non-toxic alternatives for healthy indoor environment.

How Can Paint Be Harmful To Your Health?

Ever smelled fresh paint? It’s actually a mixture of chemicals called volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are harmful if inhaled.

Despite paint’s importance for aesthetics and protection, there are significant health risks associated with chemicals such as VOCs, formaldehyde, heavy metals, and other toxic additives. 

These substances can off-gas harmful fumes into your indoor environment, thereby leading to short-term issues like headaches, dizziness, and respiratory irritation, as well as long-term health effects including liver, kidney, and nervous system damage, and an increased risk of cancer.

So, while a fresh coat of paint can give your space a facelift, it’s worthwhile to consider the possible health risks.

Types of Paint On The Market

 

  • Water-Based Bases:

    • Acrylic: A quick-drying paint that is versatile and easy to clean, suitable for various surfaces.
    • Latex: A type of water-based paint, commonly used for interior and exterior walls due to its ease of use and durability.
    • Alkyd (Water-Based): A water-based formulation that mimics the durability of oil-based paints but with easier cleanup.


  • Oil-Based Bases:

    • Linseed Oil: A traditional oil base that provides a glossy finish and a longer drying time.
    • Synthetic Oils: Modern formulations that offer faster drying times and reduced odor compared to traditional oil-based paints.

Health Risks associated with Chemicals present in Wall Coverings

 

  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde, and other chemicals can be present in adhesives used to apply wall coverings.

     

  • Phthalates: Phthalates, a type of plasticizer, can be used in the manufacturing process for vinyl wall coverings. Its used to make vinyl wall coverings flexible. They are endocrine disruptors and are harmful to human health.

  • Heavy metals in Wall Coverings: Heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, can be found in pigments and vinyl wall coverings. For example, cadmium exposure can irritate the lungs and kidneys and potentially increase cancer risks. Lead-based pigments in wallpaper pose a serious health hazard, especially for children, as lead poisoning can cause developmental delays, learning disabilities, and even behavioral problems.

  • Flame Retardants: Some wall coverings, especially those with foam backing, may contain flame retardants like PBDEs or organophosphate compounds. While these are added to meet fire safety standards, flame retardants pose health risks, such as endocrine disruption and developmental issues in children. Additionally, preservatives used in paint can cause respiratory irritation and have been linked to cancer.

     

  • Synthetic Dyes and Pigments:  Synthetic dyes and pigments are commonly used in paints and wall coverings to achieve a wide color range. Some pigments may contain heavy metals like lead, cadmium, or chromium. These substances are harmful and can lead to health issues such as neurological damage, respiratory problems, and, in some cases, an increased risk of cancer.

  • Formaldehyde: Found in some paints and wall coverings, particularly in adhesives and the manufacturing process It is also a common concern in pressed wood products used for wall paneling or substructures behind wallpaper. It can off-gas into the air, leading to respiratory irritation, eye and throat irritation, and has been classified as a carcinogen with long-term exposure potentially increasing cancer risks.

Health Risks associated with Chemicals present in Paint

 

  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde are common VOCs found in paints.

  • Biocides: Biocides in paints, like Triclosan or oregano oil, are used to prevent mold and mildew but can cause skin irritation, respiratory issues, or allergic reactions.

  • Formaldehyde: Used as a preservative or binder in some paint formulations. Formaldehyde irritates eyes, skin, and lungs, contribute to respiratory problems and even cancer risks with long-term exposure.

  • Phthalates: Phthalates, used as plasticizers in paint additives, can disrupt endocrine function and have been linked to reproductive issues, developmental problems in children, and increased risk of certain cancers.

  • Isocyanates: Found in certain polyurethane paints and coatings.  Known to cause respiratory issues and skin irritation.

What are the short-term and long-term effects of these chemicals?

    • Short-term effects of chemicals in paint can include headaches, dizziness, irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, respiratory issues, and nausea.

    • Long-term effects: Potential damage to the liver, kidneys, nervous system, and increased cancer risk.



Which chemicals specifically can have long-Term Effects or off-gas for years?

 

    • VOCs
    • Formaldehyde
    • Phthalates
    • Heavy metals
    • Synthetic dyes and pigments
    • Isocyanates

Low- or Non-Toxic Wall Coverings and Safer Alternatives

  • Prioritize low-toxic wallcoverings. Look for products labeled “untreated,” using “natural dyes and adhesives,” or certified as GREENGUARD GOLD or FSC.

Natural Materials:

      • Linen, hemp, bamboo, cork, and grasscloth offer natural, sustainable options.

      • Wood veneer adds a touch of luxury while maintaining natural elements.

      • Natural mica provides a shimmery, eco-friendly finish.

Modern Materials:

      • Glass fiber wallcovering: Durable, washable, and often recycled.

      • Peel-and-stick wallcoverings: Choose low-VOC options with natural adhesives when possible.

      • Acrylic wallcoverings: Opt for low-VOC or water-based formulations.

      • Low-VOC vinyl wallcoverings: A less toxic alternative to traditional vinyl.

      • Recycled wallcoverings: Made from recycled materials, reducing environmental impact.

 

  • FSC-Certified Wallpapers: FSC certification ensures that the paper used in these wallpapers is responsibly sourced. Low-VOC adhesives and water-based inks are often used in these wallpapers.

     

  • PVC-Free Wall Coverings: PVC, or polyvinyl chloride, is commonly used in traditional wallpapers but releases harmful chemicals over time. PVC-free wall coverings avoid these issues and are often made from safer plastics or other synthetic materials that don’t emit toxic gases.

  • Select wall-coverings and paints explicitly labeled as “formaldehyde-free,” “flame retardant-free,” “heavy metal-free,” and “low-VOC” or “VOC-free.” Look for certifications like GREENGUARD GOLD, Cradle to Cradle Certified, and FSC to ensure product safety and sustainability.

     

  • Ask questions: Don’t hesitate to inquire about the materials used in any wall covering before purchasing.

     

  • If your home was built before 1978, consider removing old wallpaper that may contain lead or other hazardous materials. For safe removal, consult a professional.

     

  • Ventilation: After and during the installation of any wall covering, proper ventilation is crucial to minimize exposure to off-gassing.

  • Research brands: Look for reputable brands known for using safe materials.

Low- or Non-Toxic Paints and Safer Alternatives


In response to growing concerns about indoor air quality, the paint industry has developed a range of low-toxic and sustainable paints. Here are some common types:

Non-Toxic Paints

    • Milk Paint: Contains milk protein, casein, lime, and natural pigments; free from VOCs and safe for indoor use.

    • Clay Paint: Offers a natural, breathable finish with low VOCs.

    • Mineral Paint: Utilizes natural minerals for durability and low toxicity.

    • Limewash: An antimicrobial paint made from slaked lime, known for its breathability.

       

Low Toxicity Paints

    • Water Based Low-VOC Latex Paints: Widely available, offering durability and low emissions.

    • Water Based Zero-VOC Latex Paints: Contain minimal or no volatile organic compounds.

    • Plant-Based Paints: Employ natural oils and waxes as binders, minimizing VOCs.

Innovative Paint Options

    • Silicate Paints: Durable, breathable, and mold-resistant paints made from mineral silicates.

    • Enzyme-Based Paints: Natural enzyme-based paints that are low-toxic and biodegradable.

    • Recycled Paints: Repurposed paint that reduces waste and impacts the environment.

Key Certifications and Labels to Look For Wall Coverings and Paints

 

For VOC Content:

  • Look for wall coverings and paints labeled as low-VOC or VOC-free to minimize exposure to harmful compounds.



For Third-Party Certifications:

  • GREENGUARD GOLD: Indicates low chemical emissions and better indoor air quality.
  • Cradle to Cradle Certified: Ensures products are environmentally safe and sustainably produced.
  • LEED-Certified: Confirms that products meet high standards for sustainability and low environmental impact.

These certifications and labels help ensure that products meet strict criteria for reduced chemical emissions and eco-friendliness.

Where to Find Low-Toxic Paint?

Listed below are some reputable brands that are known for their commitment to health and sustainability:


Popular Eco-Friendly Paint Brands:

  • ECOS Paints: Known for its zero-VOC, non-toxic paints with a wide range of colors and finishes.
  • Clare: Offers premium, zero-VOC interior paints with a focus on sustainability and health.

  • Real Milk Paint: A traditional, non-toxic paint made from milk protein, lime, and natural pigments.

  • AFM Safecoat: Provides a variety of low-VOC and non-toxic paints for both interior and exterior use.

  • Bioshield: Offers eco-friendly paints with low VOCs and antimicrobial properties.

  • Rubio Monocoat: Known for its natural oil-based finishes that are non-toxic and durable.


Additional Eco-Conscious Options:

  • Benjamin Moore Natura: This line offers low-VOC paints with reduced environmental impact such as Eco Spec® and Natura®.

  • Sherwin-Williams Harmony: A range of low-VOC paints with a focus on indoor air quality such as EcoSelect®, ProMar 200, SuperPaint etc.

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