Amara Naqvi
From our earliest days, we’ve shaped our interiors to be our protective havens. This is true whether they are used as restful sanctuaries, for productive work environments, or for other purposes. It’s profoundly disheartening to think that the materials and furniture we rely on in this day and age could be packed with harmful chemicals.
Consider upholstered furniture, for example. Yes, toxic chemicals can make their way into upholstered furniture, and yes, eliminating them completely can be a challenge. This guide is designed to provide clarity and highlight the information you should know.
Managing the complexities of product safety can be exhausting, especially when the regulations seem to lag behind the risks.This no-nonsense guide will assist you in identifying and avoiding harmful chemicals in your furniture.
We know that, realistically, the battle against all toxins is ongoing. The key is vigilance and knowledge. With informed choices, you can considerably reduce your exposure and be mindful of the possible harm our built environments can cause.
Make informed decisions to choose smarter options—whether it’s opting for non-toxic alternatives in high-use areas like living rooms and bedrooms, or carefully weighing the pros and cons in less frequently used spaces.
Demand for safer products drives change. By choosing non-toxic options and advocating for higher standards, we can push the market towards safer, more affordable solutions. While the upfront cost might be slightly higher, the long-term health benefits are invaluable. Let’s take this step towards a cleaner, healthier home.
What is Upholstered Furniture Is Commonly Made Of?
- Foam and filling
- Batting
- Fabric or cover
- Frame
Finishes like stains, varnishes, and glues are applied to both upholstered and non-upholstered pieces.
In each of these parts, we describe possible chemicals, their possible health effects, how to avoid them, and which labels and certifications to look for.
Foam & Filling in Upholstery
Foam and filling provide cushioning for seats, backs, and arms. Common types include foam, down feathers, polyester fiber, and springs. These materials affect the furniture’s comfort, durability, and overall feel—foam offers firmness, while down feathers deliver a softer, more luxurious touch.
A) Chemicals and Toxins Found In Foam & Filling
- Foam fillings with high levels of toxic flame retardants.
- Synthetic fabrics treated with stain-resistant or water-resistant chemicals (e.g., PFAS).
- Polyurethane foam, which can off-gas harmful VOCs.
- Synthetic materials treated with antibacterial or antimicrobial chemicals.
B) Health Problems They Can Cause
Flame Retardants
- Endocrine Disruption: Flame retardants disrupt hormones, causing reproductive disorders, thyroid issues, and hormonal imbalances.
- Neurological Damage: Some flame retardants are neurotoxic, leading to cognitive impairments, lower child IQ, behavioral changes, and developmental delays.
- Cancer: Certain flame retardants, like PBDEs, are possible or probable human carcinogens, increasing the risk of cancers like breast and thyroid cancer.
- Birth Defects: Flame retardants can affect fetal development, potentially causing abnormal physical or mental traits.
- Reduced Sperm Quality: Flame retardants are linked to lower sperm quality, impacting fertility and reproductive health.
- Weakened Immune System: Flame retardants suppress the immune system, making individuals more prone to illnesses and infections.
- Lingering Environmental Impact: Despite regulations, flame retardant chemicals persist in the environment and food chain, posing ongoing health risks.
PFAS (stain and water resistant chemicals)
- Increased cholesterol levels: Linked to elevated cholesterol levels.
- Thyroid hormone disruption: Interferes with normal thyroid gland function, causing hormone imbalances.
- Immune system effects: Dysregulates the immune system, reducing antibody responses and impairing immune cell function.
- Birth & Developmental effects: Effects fetal development, including low birth weight, birth defects, developmental delays, and altered immune responses in children.
- Cancer: PFOA classified as a possible human carcinogen, potentially linked to kidney and testicular cancer.
- Impaired liver and kidney function: Interferes with liver and kidney functioning, reducing their ability to remove toxins.
- Endocrine disruption: Disrupts the endocrine system, causing hormonal imbalances and negative effects on bodily functions.
- Liver disease: Linked to liver damage, inflammation, and the development of tumors.
- Oxidative stress and inflammation: Induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular damage in the liver, contributing to liver diseases and related health issues.
Polyurethane Foam
- Respiratory Irritation: Can cause breathing difficulties and discomfort, irritating the respiratory system.
- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Releases VOCs during manufacturing and afterwards, leading to indoor air pollution and potential health problems.
- Flame Retardants: Flame retardants in polyurethane foam increase its toxicity, raising the risk of adverse health effects.
- Allergies and Sensitivities: Some individuals develop allergies or sensitivities to polyurethane foam, experiencing symptoms like skin irritation, itching, or respiratory reactions.
- Off-gassing: Emits toxic chemicals into the surrounding environment, especially in poorly ventilated areas.
- Environmental Impact: The production and disposal of polyurethane foam is not good for the environment. The manufacturing process relies on petrochemicals and energy-intensive methods, contributing to carbon emissions and resource depletion. Improper disposal leads to pollution and the release of harmful substances into ecosystems.
C) How to Avoid Or Minimize Toxins
- Foam Fillings with Flame Retardants: Avoid furniture with foam fillings containing high levels of toxic flame retardants. To determine if the foam contains flame retardants, look for labels such as “Flame retardant treated” or “This product meets federal/state flammability standards.”
- Synthetic Fabrics and Chemical Treatments: Avoid synthetic fabrics treated with stain-resistant or water-resistant chemicals, such as PFAS.
Look for terms like “stain-resistant,” “water-repellent,” “oil-resistant,” or “non-stick” on fabric labels. These finishes often indicate potential PFAS treatment. Prioritize natural fabrics and those without these labels to minimize exposure.
- Antibacterial or Antimicrobial Chemicals: Avoid furniture with synthetic materials treated with antibacterial or antimicrobial chemicals like:
– Triclosan (being phased out)
– Silver nanoparticles (environmental concerns)
– Quaternary ammonium compounds (vary in toxicity)
– Some copper-based additives (use with care)
- Look for terms like “antibacterial,” “antimicrobial,” “germ-resistant,” or “odor-resistant” on product labels or marketing materials, as they often indicate chemical treatments. These labels may not specify the chemicals used but suggest potential concerns.
- To minimize exposure to harmful chemicals, avoid furniture with these claims. Instead, choose natural materials and finishes whenever possible.
- Note: The effectiveness of these treatments is often questionable, and their potential health impacts are still being researched.
D) Alternatives to Look For to Reduce Exposure
- Flame Retardant-Free and Non-Toxic Materials: Choose materials labeled as “flame retardant-free,” “non-toxic,” or “chemical-free,” and “formaldehyde-free.”
- PFAS-Free Upholstery: Opt for upholstery labeled “PFAS-free” or made with natural, untreated fabrics.
- Natural or Organic Cushion Fillings: Consider furniture with natural or organic cushion fillings like natural latex, organic wool, or cotton. Opt for natural latex foam derived from rubber tree sap, known for lower VOC emissions. Look for wool or copper-infused textiles.
E) Key Certifications and Labels to Look For to Avoid Chemicals in Upholstered Furniture
Batting In Upholstered Furniture
Refers to a soft layer of material, often cotton or polyester, placed between the fabric cover and foam or padding. It adds extra cushioning, smooths out the surface, and enhances the furniture’s softness and comfort.
A) Chemicals and Toxins Found In Batting
- Batting treated with chemical flame retardants.
- Batting made from synthetic materials treated with stain-resistant or water-resistant chemicals (e.g., PFAS).
- Batting made from polyurethane foam.
B) Health Problems They Can Cause
Flame Retardants
- Endocrine Disruption: Flame retardants disrupt hormones, causing reproductive disorders, thyroid issues, and hormonal imbalances.
- Neurological Damage: Some flame retardants are neurotoxic, leading to cognitive impairments, lower child IQ, behavioral changes, and developmental delays.
- Cancer: Certain flame retardants, like PBDEs, are possible or probable human carcinogens, increasing the risk of cancers like breast and thyroid cancer.
- Birth Defects: Flame retardants can affect fetal development, potentially causing abnormal physical or mental traits.
- Reduced Sperm Quality: Flame retardants are linked to lower sperm quality, impacting fertility and reproductive health.
- Weakened Immune System: Flame retardants suppress the immune system, making individuals more prone to illnesses and infections.
- Lingering Environmental Impact: Despite regulations, flame retardant chemicals persist in the environment and food chain, posing ongoing health risks.
PFAS (stain and water resistant chemicals)
- Increased cholesterol levels: Linked to elevated cholesterol levels.
- Thyroid hormone disruption: Interferes with normal thyroid gland function, causing hormone imbalances.
- Immune system effects: Dysregulates the immune system, reducing antibody responses and impairing immune cell function.
- Birth & Developmental effects: Effects fetal development, including low birth weight, birth defects, developmental delays, and altered immune responses in children.
- Cancer: PFOA classified as a possible human carcinogen, potentially linked to kidney and testicular cancer.
- Impaired liver and kidney function: Interferes with liver and kidney functioning, reducing their ability to remove toxins.
- Endocrine disruption: Disrupts the endocrine system, causing hormonal imbalances and negative effects on bodily functions.
- Liver disease: Linked to liver damage, inflammation, and the development of tumors.
- Oxidative stress and inflammation: Induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular damage in the liver, contributing to liver diseases and related health issues.
VOC off-gassing
Short-term Effects:
- Eye, nose, and throat irritation
- Headaches, dizziness, loss of coordination
- Nausea
- Allergic skin reactions
Long-term Effects:
- Liver and kidney damage
- Central nervous system damage
- Increased risk of cancer
- Respiratory issues (asthma, allergic rhinitis)
- Immune system dysfunction
- Developmental and reproductive problems
- Endocrine disruption.
Note: The severity of these effects depends on the type of VOC, exposure level, and individual susceptibility.
C) How to Avoid Or Minimize Toxins
- Flame Retardant-Free: Prioritize furniture labeled “flame retardant-free” or “non-toxic.”
- PFAS-Free: Opt for products explicitly labeled “PFAS-free” to avoid these harmful chemicals.
- Natural Batting: Choose furniture filled with natural materials like organic cotton, wool, or natural latex.
- Certifications: Look for certifications like GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard) for organic fillings.
- Avoid Chemical Treatments: Be wary of terms like “stain-resistant,” “water-repellent,” or “odor-resistant” on batting, as these may indicate chemical treatments.
- If possible, purchase furniture from manufacturers who prioritize transparency and disclose filling materials.
E) Key Certifications and Labels to Look For
- GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard): Ensures organic materials and environmentally friendly production processes.
- OEKO-TEX Standard 100: Verifies the absence of harmful substances in textiles.
- USDA Organic: Guarantees organic materials like cotton or wool.
Note: These certifications primarily apply to natural batting materials. Synthetic fillings often lack certifications due to the prevalence of chemical treatments in the industry.
Fabric Or Cover On Uphlstered Furniture
A) Chemicals and Toxins Found In the Cover of Upholstered Furniture
- Fabrics treated with chemical flame retardants.
- Fabrics treated with stain-resistant or water-resistant chemicals (e.g., PFAS).
- Synthetic fabrics with off-gassing potential (VOCs).
- Fabrics treated with antibacterial or antimicrobial chemicals.
B) Health Problems They Can Cause
Flame Retardants
- Endocrine Disruption: Flame retardants disrupt hormones, causing reproductive disorders, thyroid issues, and hormonal imbalances.
- Neurological Damage: Some flame retardants are neurotoxic, leading to cognitive impairments, lower child IQ, behavioral changes, and developmental delays.
- Cancer: Certain flame retardants, like PBDEs, are possible or probable human carcinogens, increasing the risk of cancers like breast and thyroid cancer.
- Birth Defects: Flame retardants can affect fetal development, potentially causing abnormal physical or mental traits.
- Reduced Sperm Quality: Flame retardants are linked to lower sperm quality, impacting fertility and reproductive health.
- Weakened Immune System: Flame retardants suppress the immune system, making individuals more prone to illnesses and infections.
- Lingering Environmental Impact: Despite regulations, flame retardant chemicals persist in the environment and food chain, posing ongoing health risks.
PFAS (stain and water resistant chemicals)
- Increased cholesterol levels: Linked to elevated cholesterol levels.
- Thyroid hormone disruption: Interferes with normal thyroid gland function, causing hormone imbalances.
- Immune system effects: Dysregulates the immune system, reducing antibody responses and impairing immune cell function.
- Birth & Developmental effects: Effects fetal development, including low birth weight, birth defects, developmental delays, and altered immune responses in children.
- Cancer: PFOA classified as a possible human carcinogen, potentially linked to kidney and testicular cancer.
- Impaired liver and kidney function: Interferes with liver and kidney functioning, reducing their ability to remove toxins.
- Endocrine disruption: Disrupts the endocrine system, causing hormonal imbalances and negative effects on bodily functions.
- Liver disease: Linked to liver damage, inflammation, and the development of tumors.
- Oxidative stress and inflammation: Induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular damage in the liver, contributing to liver diseases and related health issues.
VOC off-gassing
Short-term Effects:
- Eye, nose, and throat irritation
- Headaches, dizziness, loss of coordination
- Nausea
- Allergic skin reactions
Long-term Effects:
- Liver and kidney damage
- Central nervous system damage
- Increased risk of cancer
- Respiratory issues (asthma, allergic rhinitis)
- Immune system dysfunction
- Developmental and reproductive problems
- Endocrine disruption.
Note: The severity of these effects depends on the type of VOC, exposure level, and individual susceptibility.
C) How to Avoid Or Minimize Toxins
- Flame Retardants: Look for “flame retardant-free” labels.
- Antibacterial or Antimicrobial Chemicals: Can include harmful compounds.
- Look for terms like “stain-resistant,” “water-repellent,” “oil-resistant,” or “odor-resistant” on labels or marketing materials. These often indicate chemical treatments. Choose “PFAS-free” items or select fabrics with natural, untreated properties.
- Synthetic fabrics with a glossy, stiff, or plastic-like feel might be chemically treated.
- Select:
- Natural Fibers like Organic Cotton: Grown without synthetic pesticides; soft, breathable, and durable.
- Hemp: Strong, absorbent, and sustainable.
- Linen: Crisp, cool, and durable, ideal for hot climates.
- Fabrics from Recycled Materials (e.g., Tencel, Modal, Recycled Polyester): Often free from synthetic chemicals, pesticides, and flame retardants; environmentally friendly.
- Non-Toxic, Chemical-Free, Low VOC Fabrics: Look for labels indicating “non-toxic,” “chemical-free,” or “low VOC.”
E) Key Certifications and Labels to Look For
- Products with labels like GOTS, OEKO-TEX, or USDA Organic to ensure they meet specific safety standards.
FRAME
This is the skeleton of the furniture, usually made of wood or metal. It provides the structural support and shape for the piece.
A) Chemicals and Toxins Found In The Frame of Upholstered Furniture
- Formaldehyde adhesives in engineered wood.
- Medium-density fiberboard (MDF) with formaldehyde emissions.
- Particle board containing formaldehyde and potential VOCs.
B) Health Problems They Can Cause
Formaldehyde
- Respiratory irritation: coughing, wheezing, throat irritation, worsened asthma, hampered breathing.
- Allergic reactions: skin rashes, itching, hives in sensitive individuals.
- Eye and nose irritation: redness, itching, watering; runny or congested nose, sneezing, nasal irritation.
- Headaches and dizziness: linked to prolonged or high-level exposure.
- Weakened respiratory defenses: increased susceptibility to respiratory infections like colds and flu.
- Skin sensitization: redness, itching, swelling with long-term contact.
- Worsened asthma symptoms: increased coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath.
- Carcinogenicity: classified as known human carcinogen;
VOC off-gassing
Short-term Effects:
- Eye, nose, and throat irritation
- Headaches, dizziness, loss of coordination
- Nausea
- Allergic skin reactions
Long-term Effects:
- Liver and kidney damage
- Central nervous system damage
- Increased risk of cancer
- Respiratory issues (asthma, allergic rhinitis)
- Immune system dysfunction
- Developmental and reproductive problems
- Endocrine disruption.
Note: The severity of these effects depends on the type of VOC, exposure level, and individual susceptibility.
C) How to Avoid Or Minimize Toxins
- Solid Wood Frames: Choose furniture with frames made entirely of solid wood.
- Engineered Wood: Look for engineered wood with formaldehyde-free adhesives or low- to no-formaldehyde emissions (like MDF).
- Low-VOC Adhesives and Non-Toxic Glues: Ensure adhesives and glues used are low-VOC and non-toxic.
- Non-Toxic Metal Finishes: Select metal frames with powder-coated or non-toxic finishes.
- Avoid Treated Wood: Steer clear of frames labeled as “treated”
E) Key Certifications and Labels to Look For
Check for certifications like CARB Phase 2 (low formaldehyde emissions) and FSC (sustainable wood sourcing).
Glues, Finishes, Coatings, and Resins in Upholstered Furniture
Glues
Avoid:
- Glues containing formaldehyde-based compounds.
- Solvent-based or high-VOC glues.
- Glues with strong chemical odors, which may cause respiratory irritation.
Alternatives:
- Low VOC or no VOC glues.
- Water-based and plant-based glues.
Finishes and Coatings
Avoid
- Finishes or varnishes containing lead, mercury, or heavy metals.
- Finishes treated with formaldehyde-based compounds or flame retardants.
- Finishes and coatings that have not been properly cured, which may emit harmful gases.
- Furniture with visible glue residue, indicating poor quality control.
Alternatives:
- Formaldehyde-Free Finishes: Made with natural ingredients, such as General Finishes High Performance Water Based Topcoat.
- Water-Based Finishes: Generally low in VOCs and formaldehyde.
- Natural Oil Finishes: Options like tung oil, linseed oil, or olive oil.
- Plant-Based Finishes:Derived from natural plant sources.
- Low-VOC or No-VOC Finishes: Indicate reduced levels of volatile organic compounds.
- Flame-Retardant-Free Finishes: Less likely to off-gas harmful chemicals.
- Inherently Flame-Resistant Materials: Fabrics like wool.
- Mineral-Based Finishes: Using minerals like borax or alumina as flame retardants.
- Water-Based or Solvent-Free Finishes: Contain fewer harmful chemicals.
Resins
Avoid
- UF (urea-formaldehyde) resins, which are common in particleboard and plywood, as well as MF (melamine formaldehyde) resins.
Alternatives:
- Natural Resins: Such as tung oil, linseed oil, and beeswax. These are non-toxic and provide a natural, matte finish.
- UV-Cured Finishes: A type of clear coating applied using ultraviolet light. They are durable and non-toxic.
E) Labels and Certifications to Look For When Choosing Safer Alternatives
Glues:
- GreenGuard: Certifies products with low chemical emissions.
- Green Seal: Focuses on reducing environmental impact and ensuring safety.
Finishes and Coatings:
- GreenGuard: Ensures low VOC emissions.
Green Seal: Indicates low toxicity and environmental impact. - Safer Choice (EPA): Identifies products with safer chemical ingredients.
- Green Label Plus: Certifies low-emission products, especially useful for carpet and adhesives.
- ECOLOGO: Certifies products that meet strict environmental performance criteria.
- GreenGuard: Ensures low VOC emissions.
Resins:
- GreenGuard: Certifies low-emission products, including resins and finishes.
FSC (Forest Stewardship Council): Ensures wood products come from responsibly managed forests. - CARB (California Air Resources Board): Phase 2 certification for low formaldehyde emissions.
- SCS Global Services: Certifies low-emission and sustainable products.
- BIFMA Level: Ensures the sustainability and safety of furniture products.
- GreenGuard: Certifies low-emission products, including resins and finishes.
REFERENCES
- Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). Our Current Understanding of the Human Health and Environmental Risks of PFAS.
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (n.d.). Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Your Health.
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. (n.d.). Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS).
